ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
CHASE: Cut Holes and Sink ’EmCHATH: Chemically Hardened Air Transportable Hospital
ADAPC: Alcohol and Drug Abuse Prevention and Control
CP DEPMEDS: Chemically Protected Deployable Medical
CPAP: continuous positive airway pressure
CPRP: Chemical Personnel Reliability Program
ARDS: adult respiratory distress syndrome
CSEPP: Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program
Ct: the product of the concentration (in milligrams per cubic
AUIB: Aircrew Uniform, Integrated Battlefield
meter of air) and the time (in minutes) of exposure to a gas
BAL: British anti-LewisiteBALT: bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue
BDRP: Biological Defense Research Program
DANC: Decontaminating Agent, Non-Corrosive
DAS: diacetoxyscripenol, also called anguidine
BIDS: Biological Integrated Detection System
DIC: disseminated intravascular coagulation
BZ: 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate (now called QNB)
DKIE: Decontamination Kit, Individual EquipmentDLCO: lung diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide
DM: diphenylaminearsine, also called adamsite
CaEDTA: calcium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
CAI: Chemical (Surety Material) Accident or Incident
CAIRA: Chemical Accident or Incident Response and
DPRK: Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea
CBPS: Chemical and Biological Protected Shelter
C-CHF: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus
CD: cluster of differentiationCDAE: Chemical Defense Aircrew Ensemble
CDC: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CDTF: Chemical Decontamination Training Facility
50: effective dose (also called the incapacitating dose) for
CHAMP: chemically hardened air-management plant
Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare
JACADS: Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Destruction
JSLIST: Joint Service Lightweight Integrated Suit Technology
FDA: U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationFDECU: field deployable environmental control unit
FEMA: Federal Emergency Management AgencyFLD: Field Hospital
FM: titanium tetrachlorideFMC: Field Medical Card
FTIR: Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometer
Lcr: low calcium responseLCt50: the vapor or aerosol exposure (Ct, concentration •
time) that is lethal (L) to 50% of the exposed population
LD50: the dose (D) that is lethal (L) to 50% of the exposed
LOPAIR: long-path infra red
GC–MS: combination of GLC and MS techniques
GLC: gas–liquid chromatographyGVO: Green Vinyl Overboot
MACOM: Major Army CommandMASH: Mobile Army Surgical Hospital
HEPA: high-efficiency particulate air (filter)
HFRS: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
MDMA: 3,4-methylenedioxymethylamphetamine
HHS: US Department of Health and Human Services
MED50: the dose that is minimally effective for mild cognitive
impairment in 50% of the exposed population
HMMWV: high-mobility, multipurpose, wheeled vehicle
HPLC–MS: high-performance liquid chromatography–mass
MMPI: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
MOPP: mission-oriented protective posture
MOU: Memorandum of UnderstandingMPE: most probable event
MRI: Medical Reengineering InitiativemRNA: messenger RNA
ICBPG: Improved Chemical and Biological Protective Glove
ID50: the dose that incapacitates 50% of the exposed population
IFA: indirect fluorescent antibodyIFN- γ: interferon gamma
NAPP: nerve agent pyridostigmine pretreatment
NBCRS: Nuclear Biological Chemical Reconnaissance
ISO: International Organization for Standardization (from the
NBC–PC: nuclear, biological, chemical protective covers
ITAR-TASS: Information-Telegraph Agency of Russia–
SEB: staphylococcal enterotoxin BSGOT: serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase
SIPRI: Stockholm International Peace Research InstituteS-LOST: sulfur mustard, for Lommell and Steinkopf
OPA: isopropyl alcohol and isopropylamine solution
OPIDN: organophosphorus ester–induced delayed neuro-
TAP: toxicological agent protective (ensemble)
TCDD: 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
PAO2 – Pa O2: alveolar–arterial difference in the partial
TEMPER: tent, extendable, modular, personnel
PaO2: partial pressure of arterial oxygen
THA: tetrahydroaminoacridine, also called tacrine
2-PAM Cl: 2-pyridine aldoxime methyl chloride, also called
PDDA: Power-Driven Decontamination Apparatus
PEEP: positive end-expiratory pressurePEG300: polyethylene glycol 300
PF: protection factorPFIB: perfluoroisobutylene
UNSCOM: United Nations Special Commission
USAMRICD: U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of
Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland
USAMRIID: U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of
Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland
USAMRMC: U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel
Command, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland
ppm: parts per millionPPW: patient protective wrap
VIG: vaccinia immune globulinVKA: vegetable killer acid
VPFRU: Vapor-Protective, Flame-Resistant Undergarment
QNB: 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate (current name for BZ)
VX: ethyl-S-dimethylaminoethyl methylphosphonothiolate
RDIC: resuscitation device, individual, chemical
RME: receptor-mediated endocytosisRNA: ribonucleic acid
Yops: Yersinia outer-membrane proteins
RSCAAL: Remote Sensing Chemical Agent AlarmRT-PCR: reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction
SBR: small-box respiratorSCPE: Simplified Collective Protective EquipmentSDS: sodium dodecyl sulfate
Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare
Aircrew uniform, integrated battlefield (AUIB), 373Air delivery
Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, 398, 409–410
See also Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland
See also Aerosol; Inhalational injury; specific agentSee Aeromedical Isolation Team (AIT)
M21 Remote Sensing Chemical Agent (RSCAAL), 381
Acetylcholine (ACh), 132–134, 136, 159, 647
Portable Automatic Chemical Agent, 60–62
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), 131–132, 134, 182–184
Activated charcoal, 217, 362–363, 366, 370, 373, 670
Allergic contact sensitivity, 238–239, 249, 314, 316–317
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 275, 383, 431
S-Adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase inhibitors, 552
See also Viral encephalitides; specific virus
Advanced trauma management (ATM), 326–327
See U.S. Army Medical Department (AMEDD)
Aeromedical Isolation Team (AIT), 432, 434
American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 463, 646
2-Amino thiazoline 4-carboxylic acid, 276
particle size, for biological agents, 440
See also Inhalational injury; specific agent
that harbor disease, 487–488, 514, 524, 527–528
See Aircrew Eye/Respiratory Protection (AERP) system
Afghanistan, 3, 67–68, 102, 104, 656–658, 665
vaccines for, 434, 460, 464, 568, 576, 578
weapons directed against, 12, 16, 34–35, 37, 51, 60, 428–
See alsospecific agent or animal
Aging, of organophosphoryl–cholinesterase bond, 162, 182–
See Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF)
history, 10, 16, 32, 42–44, 50, 68, 417–418, 420, 427, 431–432,
See also Aerosol; Inhalational injury; specific material
Aircrew Eye/Respiratory Protection (AERP) system, 369–370
Aircrew personal protective equipment, 368–370
Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare
recent use, 4, 420–421, 452–453, 462, 464, 468
See alsoBacillus anthracis
history, 12, 16, 34–35, 37, 51, 60, 428–429
See alsospecific agent or animal
using biological weapons, 420–421, 446, 645
See Alimentary toxic aleukia (ATA)
See American Type Culture Collection (ATCC)
See alsospecific antibiotic
Anticonvulsants, 154–155, 165, 187, 191, 279
See Advanced trauma management (ATM)
administered in absence of nerve agent intoxication, 160
dosage and administration, 160–161, 169
and endurance time in protective gear, 394
and nerve agent cardiovascular effects, 156
See also Defoliants; specific agent or plant
and nerve agent–induced seizures, 154–155
and nerve agent pretreatments, 184–187, 191
topical ocular administration, 147, 166–167, 215
See Aircrew uniform, integrated battlefield (AUIB)
Aum Shinrikyo, 4, 75, 113, 118, 131, 169, 274, 342, 438, 463, 678
Autoinjectors, 54, 73, 155, 159–161, 163–165, 169, 252, 341
Arab–Israeli Six-Day War (1967), 57, 65
Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF), 592–593, 595–596, 599
Automatic G-Agent Fixed Installation Alarm, 53
Arrhythmias, 156, 165–166, 239, 253, 277
inhalational injury, 440introduction to, 4–6
Bacillus anthracis, 383, 439, 468–469, 474
occupational exposure, 398–399, 402–408, 432, 434
protective equipment against, 431, 447–448
See also Biological agents; specific agent
risk of transmission to medical staff, 356
susceptibility and nonsusceptibility, 441
vaccines, 60–61, 73, 434, 441, 460, 462, 681–683
Biological bombs, 32–33, 44, 51–52, 59, 441–442, 444
Biological Defense Research Program, 434–435
Biological Integrated Detection System (BIDS), 74, 377, 382–
Bari mustard disaster (Italy), 40, 103–104, 200
attempts to control, 13, 419–420, 678–679
Cold War, 50–52, 55, 58–60, 420–422, 426, 430, 656
Barrier nursing procedures, 432–433, 598
early proposals and usage, 12, 88, 416–417
Battalion aid station (BAS), 327, 329, 331, 335
indications of possible attack, 448–449
and military healthcare provider, 6, 445, 447, 683–684
Battlefield health service support, 326–328
Belladonna, 289–290, 294–295, 297–299
strategic and tactical concerns, 445–446, 456–458
unconventional/clandestine use, 442, 446–447, 458
World War I, 16, 21–22, 90–97, 417, 446, 459, 540
World War II, 36–37, 42–44, 103–104, 417–419, 426–427, 446,
See Biological Integrated Detection System (BIDS)
advantages and disadvantages, 442–445, 456–459, 684
Binary weapons programs, 65–66, 70–72, 75, 104
nonhuman targets of attack, 434, 459–461
versus nuclear and chemical weapons, 458–459
availability or ease of production, 438–439, 457, 678
Biological Weapons Anti-Terrorism Act, 75, 633
defense against, 1–6, 425–435, 438, 443–446, 677–684
Biological Weapons Convention, 419–420, 422
delivery systems, 121, 420–421, 429, 438–442, 446, 457, 656,
compliance, 432, 435, 455, 458, 462–463, 679
and Soviet biological warfare program, 4, 452–453, 455–456
detection, 74, 377, 382–384, 431, 447–449
viral encephalitides carried by, 567, 573
incapacitation caused by, 292, 431, 439–440
Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare
British anti-Lewisite (BAL), 102, 218, 220, 261
British anti-Lewisite (BAL) Eye Ointment, 42
Bolivian hemorrhagic fever, 593, 595–596, 599
Brucella canis, 514–515, 517–518
biological, 32–33, 44, 51–52, 59, 441–442, 444
chemical, 28, 40, 49–50, 59, 65–66, 71
See alsospecific type of bombBrucella suis, 51, 429, 514–515, 517
and assassination of Reinhard Heydrich, 645
history, 10, 43–44, 417, 427, 429–430, 514
history, 32, 43, 417, 421, 427, 644–645
mechanism of action, 609–611, 647–649
mustard, 98–100, 202, 205–208, 214, 238, 342–343
Butyrocholinesterase (BuChE), 132, 136–139, 192, 301
BZ (3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate), 5, 119, 159, 294–296
anticholinergic delirium produced by, 296
nerve agent–induced, 145, 147–149, 158, 167–168, 170
Bristol-Myers Squibb Oncology Division, 237
See Chemical defense aircrew ensemble (CDAE)
See Chemical (Surety Material) Accident or Incident (CAI)
See Casualty Decontamination Center (CDC); Centers for
See Chemical Accident or Incident Response and Assis-
Calcium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (CaEDTA), 261
See Chemical Decontamination Training Facility (CDTF)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 540, 551–
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 428, 454, 456–457, 461–462
of nerve agents, 145, 149–155, 170, 233–234
Canister mask arrangement, 364, 366–369
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination, 576
See Chemically Hardened Air-Management Plant
CHASE (Operation Cut Holes and Sink ’Em), 62–64
See Chemically Hardened Air Transportable Hospital
of nerve agents, 145, 155–157, 165–166, 169
Chemical accident/incident response and assistance, 409–411
Chemical (Surety Material) Accident of Incident (CAI), 409
Chemical Accident or Incident Response and Assistance
Chemical agent monitor (CAM), 70, 378–379
decontamination certification with, 355–357
Chemical agents, 4–6, 10, 18–19, 22–24, 27, 29–31, 34–35, 37–
39, 41, 52–53, 57, 62–63, 66–69, 72–74, 118–119
Casualty decontamination, 329, 331–335, 340–341, 352, 386–
Casualty Decontamination Center (CDC), 329
See Chemical and Biological Protected Shelter (CBPS)
See Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (C-CHF)
release, See Delivery systems; specific systemSee Chemical Casualty Site Team (CCST)
See Cluster of differentiation (CD)
Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare
Chemical and Biological Protected Shelter (CBPS), 385
Chemical bombs, 28, 40, 49–50, 59, 65–66, 71
civil–military relations and, 408–411
decontamination, 329, 331–335, 340–341, 352
attempts to control, 13, 115, 117, 411–412, 678–679
World War I, 6, 24, 91–92, 100–101, 200, 205
and military healthcare provider, 6, 111–126, 328–335, 683–
See also Chemical Warfare Service (CWS)
Chemical decontamination methods, 158, 354–355, 357–358,
Chemical Decontamination Training Facility (CDTF), 71
Chemical defense aircrew ensemble (CDAE), 373
World War II, 36–47, 103–104, 125, 131, 200, 290
Chemical Warfare in Southeast Asia and Afghanistan (Haig), 68
Chemical Warfare School, 26, 29, 35, 48, 71
biological warfare programs, 426, 428, 632
and medical personnel, 329, 331–332, 334, 338, 340–341
World War I, 15–18, 22, 91–94, 363–364, 393
See also Collective protection; Masks; Mission-oriented
nations with capability for use, 114, 116, 679
protective posture (MOPP); specific item
versus nuclear and biological weapons, 458–459
Chemically Hardened Air-Management Plant (CHAMP), 385
Chemically Hardened Air Transportable Hospital (CHATH),
reduction or elimination, 115, 117, 411–412
Chemically protected deployable medical system (CP
Chemical Weapons Convention, 75, 115, 117, 679
Chemical Personnel Reliability Program (CPRP), 399–402
and inhalational injury, 252, 259–261, 264
Chemical protective footwear cover (CPFC), 374
Chemical protective overgarment (CPOG), 373
Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program
Japanese invasion of, 35–36, 200, 218, 417–418, 485
See Chloroform–methanol extraction (CMR vaccine)
CN (1-Chloroacetophenone), 27, 119, 292, 309–310, 316–321
history, 5, 11, 14–15, 27, 88–93, 95, 119, 248
binary weapons programs, 65–66, 70–71
biological warfare programs, 50–52, 55, 58–60, 420–422,
detection developments, 53–54, 60–62, 66–67, 70
See CS (o-Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile)
nerve agent production and development, 49
offensive chemical agent developments, 49–50, 57–59
Chloroform–methanol extraction (CMR vaccine), 532
protective device developments, 52–53, 60–62, 67, 69–70
See Sulfur trioxide–chlorosulfonic acid (FS smoke)
Cholera, 10, 12, 16, 33, 37, 42, 417–419, 462
Cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitors, 130–142, 164, 236
See also Nerve agents; Organophosphorus compounds;
Combat vehicle filtration protection system, 368
See Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Conjunctivitis, 98–99, 208, 210, 214–215, 238, 314
riot control agent use during, 309–310, 313
of medical equipment and facilities, 124–125, 157, 353, 357
Continental United States (CONUS), 326, 328
and biological defense program, 434–435
Convention on Prohibition of Bacteriological and Toxin
Convulsions, 154–155, 158, 165, 187, 239
Clostridium botulinum, 644, 646–647
See also Botulinum toxins; Botulism
Clostridium tetani, 644, 646–647
Coxiella burnetii, 430, 524–526, 528–529
Cluster of differentiation (CD), 542, 622
Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological WarfareSee Chemically protected deployable medical system (CP
See Collective protection equipment (CPE)
See Chemical protective footwear cover (CPFC)
pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, 276
poisoning presentation and management, 277–279, 342
See Chemical protective overgarment (CPOG)
See Chemical Personnel Reliability Program (CPRP)
CR (dibenz(b,f)-1:4-oxazepine), 319–320
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (C-CHF), 439, 593–596,
CS ( o-Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile), 119, 292, 310–316
dermatological effects, 312–314, 320–321
nations with capability for use, 114ocular effects, 314, 321
severe medical complications from, 317–318
See Decontaminating Agent, Non-Corrosive (DANC)
See Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program
See Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination
See Chemical Surety Inspection (CSI)
See Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)
Decontaminating Agent, Non-Corrosive (DANC), 34, 62
Decontaminating Solution 2 (DS2), 62, 374, 388
casualty, 329, 331–335, 340–341, 352, 386–387, 408–410
See Chemical Warfare Service (CWS)
chemical methods, 158, 354–355, 357–358, 363
equipment, 124–125, 353, 357, 387–388
biochemical basis for poisoning, 274–276
history, 22–24, 33–34, 42, 47, 54, 62, 70, 97–98
of trichothecene mycotoxins, 658, 665–666, 670
nerve agents, 47, 157–158, 168–169, 354–355, 387
Deseret Test Center, Fort Douglas, Utah, 430
physical methods, 354, 358, 363–364, 370
skin, 157–158, 333, 335, 352–353, 356, 386–387, 408, 669–670
biological agent, 74, 377, 382–384, 431, 447–449
See alsospecific agent or method
Decontamination apparatus/systems, 62, 70, 97–98, 388
Decontamination area, 332–333, 335, 409
Decontamination Kit, Individual Equipment (DKIE)
standoff, 53–54, 74, 380–381, 447–448
Decontamination kits, 158, 335, 353–354, 387–388
Defense Research Establishment, Ottawa, Canada, 658
history, 44, 51, 56, 60, 62, 104, 419, 428
M8 Chemical Agent, 335, 355, 357, 377–379
and protective clothing use, 370–371, 406–407
biological agents, 121, 420–421, 429, 438–442, 446, 457, 656,
and chemical warfare capability, 114, 116
See Direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) staining
history, 27, 31, 36–37, 39–40, 51–52, 58–59
See Diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP)
4,15-Diacetoxyscripenol (DAS), 660–661, 666
Demustardizing Apparatus, Commercial Type, 33
Dengue hemorrhagic fever, 593–596, 598–599
Diazepam, 154–155, 165–169, 191, 279, 347
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 515, 660–662, 679
See Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) viruses, 540–541
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), 483
Deoxyverrucarol (DOVE)–protein conjugate, 671
Department of Defense Appropriation Authorization Act, 66–
Department of Defense Biological and Chemical Defense
Diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP), 132, 152–153, 233, 301
of mustard, 201–202, 205–210, 214, 217, 238–239, 342–343
of nerve agents, 143–145, 161–162, 167
4-Dimethylaminophenol (4-DMAP), 279–281
of riot control agents, 312–314, 316–317, 320–321
Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare
Direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) staining, 495–496
See Division Support Command (DISCOM)
V: Continental United States (CONUS), 328
See 3,4-Methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA)
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), 595–597
Distilled mustard agent (HD), 38–39, 198–200
Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland, 19, 26, 30, 38–39, 49, 93, 101,
See Decontamination Kit, Individual Equipment (DKIE)
DM (diphenylaminearsine), 27, 119, 292, 309, 319
See Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE)
See 4-Dimethylaminophenol (4-DMAP)
Electrocardiography (ECG), 156, 165–166
Electroencephalography (EEG), 153, 235–236
See Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs)
Emergency medical treatment (EMT) station, 331–335
See Nausea-producing agents; specific agent; Vomiting
See Decontaminating Solution 2 (DS2)
Dugway Proving Ground, Utah, 427, 429, 432, 457
See Viral encephalitides; specific virus
Endothelial-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), 275
nerve agent–induced, 145, 147–149, 158, 167–168, 170
in toxic inhalational injury, 252, 255–256, 258–261, 265
Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), 570–574, 576–579
for toxin exposure diagnosis, 614, 617, 627, 668
Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus, 562–564
Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus complex, 564–566
Ebola hemorrhagic fever, 432, 434–435, 439, 593–596
and viral encephalitides, 564, 567–568, 572
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs)
See alsospecific agent diagnosis
for Chemical Personnel Reliability Program, 402–403
and viral encephalitides, 564, 567–568, 571–572
Equipment decontamination, 124–125, 353, 357, 387–388
as bacterial agent vector, 33, 380, 482–489, 498
Erythrocyte cholinesterase (RBC-ChE), 132, 136–137
baseline and periodic measurements, 404–405
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 188, 463
Food poisoning, 463, 622, 644, 646, 649, 659
Food supply contamination, 442, 446–447, 459, 469
See 2-Pralidoxime chloride (2-PAM Cl)
Fort Detrick, Maryland, 43–44, 426–432, 434, 460, 616, 623–
Forward Support Medical Company (FSMC), 329
Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, 380Fowl pest, 460
Fox, Leon A., 31–32, 426FOX Nuclear, Biological, Chemical Reconnaissance System
See Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
See also World War I; World War II
See Field deployable environmental control unit (FDECU)
Francisella tularensis, 383, 429, 504, 506–507
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), 411–412
Field deployable environmental control unit (FDECU), 385
See Forward Support Medical Company (FSMC)
See Sulfur trioxide-chlorosulfonic acid (FS smoke)
See Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer
Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological WarfareFusarium semitectum var semitectum, 658
See also Antiplant weapons; specific grain
Gas–liquid chromatography (GLC), 668–669
Ground crew personal protective equipment, 365–368
staphylococcal enterotoxin–induced, 622–627
See also Diarrhea; Nausea; Vomiting
Gulf War syndrome, xvi, 73, 105, 190, 191, 195, 297
See also Chemical Warfare Service (CWS); Chemical Corps
history, 29, 34, 57, 64, 67, 69, 290, 427
and status of chemical proliferation, 114, 679
biological warfare programs, 16, 32, 36–37, 418, 426, 459,
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), 594–595
chemical warfare programs, 5, 14–15, 89, 130–131
See Riot control agents; specific agentSee also World War I; World War II
See Hexachloroethane (HC); Zinc oxide (HC)
and pyridostigmine pretreatment, 185–186
and biological warfare, 445, 447, 683–684
and chemical warfare, 111–126, 328–335, 683–684
See Gas–liquid chromatography (GLC)
Chemically Hardened Air Transportable (CHATH), 385
and work/rest cycles, 329–330, 371, 403, 405
and protective gear, 125, 329–330, 367, 370–371, 394, 403,
Helminthosporium oryzae van Brede de Haan, 460
in casualty-receiving area, 331–333, 335, 340, 410
Hemagglutination assays, 497, 507, 517–518, 531
Hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests, 566, 573
See High-performance liquid chromatography–mass
See Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)
See also Viral hemorrhagic fevers; specific virus
Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), 593–595,
See High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters
See Human Genome Organization (HUGO)
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, 550, 552
Humoral immunity, 505, 528, 542, 551, 683
Hussein, Saddam, 72–74, 113, 416, 421, 679
Heydrich, Reinhard, assassination of, 645
See Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS)
High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters, 430, 432, 434
history, 10, 16, 37–38, 40–42, 104, 273–274
High-mobility, multipurpose, wheeled vehicle (HMMWV),
High-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
See Hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests
Hydroxocobalamin (vitamin B12a), 279, 281
See High-mobility, multipurpose, wheeled vehicle
pralidoxime chloride–induced, 163–164, 170
Hypochlorite solution, 352–358, 387, 408
for nerve agent decontamination, 158, 341
for riot control agent decontamination, 314
Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare
Influenza viruses, 680–681Information-Telegraph Agency of Russia–Telegraph Agency
See Improved Chemical agent monitor (ICAM)
See Indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) staining
nerve agent–induced, 139–144, 157, 161, 167
See Installation Medical Authority (IMA)
pulmonary effects, 253, 256, 258–259, 265–266, 343
therapeutic considerations, 252–253, 255
to staphylococcal enterotoxins, 622–623
2-pralidoxime chloride (2-PAM Cl), 73, 155, 163, 169
See also Organophosphorus compounds; Carbamates;
See alsospecific insect or agent
Installation Medical Authority (IMA), 402–404, 406–407, 409
against staphylococcal enterotoxin B, 628
Institute of Especially Pure Biopreparations, 454–455
against viral encephalitides, 564, 576–579
International Declaration Concerning the Laws and Customs
Improved Chemical agent monitor (ICAM), 378–379
Incapacitating agents, 118–119, 287–302
mustard use during, 3–4, 104, 114, 116–117, 157, 198, 200–
nerve agent use during, 104, 114, 116–117, 122–123, 230,
biological warfare program, 421–422, 462–463, 657, 679
chemical warfare capability, 114–115, 117, 185–186
See Installation Response Force (IRF)
See Riot control agents; specific agent
Isolation procedures, 432–433, 497, 547, 598
of surplus chemical weapons, 72, 411–412
Indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) staining, 531
Italian–Ethiopian War, 34–35, 102, 200
Individual Equipment Decontamination Kit, 70
See Information-Telegraph Agency of Russia–Telegraph
Lane, Benjamin I., 13Laos, 3, 67–68, 421, 656–658, 665
See Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Destruction System
biological warfare programs, 32, 36–37, 417–418, 426–427,
See Lightweight Decontamination System (LDS)
Imperial Unit 731, 417–418, 427, 483, 540
invasion of China, 35–36, 200, 218, 417–418, 485
sarin incidents in, 4, 75, 113, 118, 131, 169, 274, 342, 438,
Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Destruction System
Joint Service Lightweight Integrated Suit Technology
Improved Chemical and Biological Protective Glove
differential diagnosis, 200, 212, 219–220
Vapor-Protective, Flame-Resistant Undergarment
Joint United States/United Kingdom/Russia Trilateral
mixed with mustard, 201, 218nations with capability for use, 114, 116
Korean War, 47–48, 104, 394, 418–419, 429, 485, 594
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 504, 515, 526, 528Liston, W. G., 486
Litter decontamination station, 332–333, 410
See Operation Large Area Coverage (LAC)
Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare
LOPAIR ( long-path infra red) alarm, 53–54
psychological effects of wearing, 393–395
Lymphoid changes, 471, 495, 505–506, 571, 625
D-Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 52, 293, 302
World War I, 15–18, 22, 91–94, 363–364, 393
World War II, 37, 40–41, 43, 103, 365, 394
Mass casualty biological (toxin) weapon (MCBW), 605–606,
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC), 505, 622–623
See Medical Augmentation Team (MAT)
biological agents directed against, 459, 461
Marburg hemorrhagic fever, 439, 593–596
See Medical Chemical Advisory Team (MCAT)
See Mass Casualty Biological (Toxin) Weapon (MCBW)
See 3,4-Methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA)
See Mobile Army Surgical Hospital (MASH)
Chemical–Biological: Aircraft, M43, 369
Chemical–Biological: Aircrew MBU-19/P, 369–370
See Medical Department Activity (MEDDAC)
Chemical–Biological: Field, M40, 363–364, 366–368
Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare (Vedder), 102
Chemical–Biological: Field, M17A2, 363, 366–367
Medical Biological Defense Research Program, 615
Medical Chemical Advisory Team (MCAT), 411
Medical Collective Protection Systems, 384–385
Medical Department Activity (MEDDAC), 398
Medical Management of Chemical Casualties Course, 398, 409
Medical Management of Chemical Casualties Handbook, 401
Medical Reengineering Initiative (MRI), 328
biological warfare threat and, 6, 445, 447, 683–684
chemical warfare threat and, 6, 111–126, 328–335, 683–684
safety from chemical contamination, 125, 157
in biological warfare environment, 445, 447, 683–684
in chemical warfare environment, 111–126, 328–335, 683–
Medical treatment facility (MTF), 328, 409
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), 311
nerve agent–induced, 144–147, 166–168, 170
Mission-oriented protective posture (MOPP) gear, 101, 123–
Memorandum on Gas Poisoning in Warfare with Notes on itsPathology and Treatment (U.S. Army War College), 23–24
Memorandums of Agreement (MOAs), 401, 408–409, 411
and heat stress, 125, 329–330, 367, 370–371, 394, 403, 405–
and medical personnel, 329, 331–332, 334, 338, 340–341
psychological effects of wearing, 362, 393–395
Mission-oriented protective posture (MOPP) levels, 328, 372
3-Mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase, 276
See Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS) Binary
contamination with biological agents, 459, 461
Methanesulfonate salt of pralidoxime (P2S), 163
See Memorandums of Agreement (MOAs)
Mobile Army Surgical Hospital (MASH), 328
3,4-Methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA), 293
in toxin prophylaxis, 615, 651, 671, 682–683
See Mission-oriented protective posture (MOPP)
See Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
Michigan Department of Public Health, 473
Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological WarfareSee Military occupation specialty (MOS)
Mustard burns, 98–100, 202, 205–208, 214, 238, 342–343
as viral encephalitides vector, 562–564, 566–568, 573, 577
as viral hemorrhagic fever vector, 593–594, 596
See Medical Reengineering Initiative (MRI)
See also Trichothecene mycotoxins; specific toxin
NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), 203
See Medical treatment facility (MTF)
Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS) Binary Chemical
NAPP (nerve agent pyridostigmine pretreatment)
effects of nerve agents on, 145, 149, 232
See Nerve agent pyridostigmine pretreatment set (NAPPS)
of nerve agents, 145, 147, 167–168, 170
Mustard (HS), 118–119, 198–217, 230–231
for toxin exposure diagnosis, 614, 617, 627, 638, 650
biochemical mechanisms of injury, 202–204
National Academy of Science, 43, 217, 220, 426
National Research Council (NRC), 17, 43, 426
and combined injuries, 347–348, 355–356
See North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
decontamination, 22–24, 33–34, 54, 157–158, 213, 354–355,
dermatological effects, 98–100, 201–202, 205–210, 214, 217,
See alsospecific agent; Vomiting agents
See Nuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC) officer
differential diagnosis, 200, 212–213, 219–220, 343
See Nuclear, biological, chemical protective covers (NBC-
history, 5, 10, 27, 29–31, 34–40, 46, 56–57, 62–63, 102–104,
See FOX Nuclear, Biological, Chemical Reconnaissance
long-term health effects, 97–101, 217, 230, 236–239
nations with capability for use, 114–116
Nerve agent pretreatments, 132, 134, 181–193
ocular effects, 202, 208–211, 214–215, 238
pulmonary effects, 211–212, 215–217, 237–238
and central nervous system effects, 154, 187
recent use, 3–4, 69, 198, 200–201, 205, 214–216, 230, 237–239
See also Pyridostigmine; specific agent
Nerve agent pyridostigmine pretreatment set (NAPPS), 189
binary weapons, 65–66, 70–72, 75, 104
World War I use, 16, 19–24, 95–101, 119, 198, 200–201, 205,
and blood cholinesterase activity, 138–139
cardiovascular effects, 145, 155–157, 165–166, 169
central nervous system effects, 145, 149–155, 170, 233–234
versus commonly used cholinesterase inhibitors, 139
in contemporary U.S. munitions inventory, 131
decontamination, 47, 157–158, 168–169, 354–355, 387
dermal exposure, 143–145, 161–162, 167
effects on organs and organ systems, 144–157, 230, 341–342
electrocardiographic (ECG) effects, 156, 165–166, 235–236
electroencephalographic (EEG) effects, 153
history, 5, 30, 36, 46, 49, 56–58, 62–63, 103–104, 130–131,
inhalational injury, 139–144, 157, 161, 167
intermediate syndrome caused by, 232–233
long-term health effects, 153–154, 170, 230–236
Norfolk Supply Center, Norfolk, Virginia, 429
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 70, 74, 182, 185,
of viral hemorrhagic fevers, 592–593, 595–596
nations with capability for use, 114, 116
neuropsychiatric effects, 145, 149–155, 233–235
ocular effects, 144–147, 166–168, 170
See National Research Council (NRC)
Nuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC) officer, 362, 445
Nuclear, biological, chemical protective covers (NBC-PC), 669
versus chemical and biological weapons, 458–459
pulmonary effects, 145, 147–149, 167–168, 170
for biological agent–exposed patients, 432–433, 598
treatment, 54, 73, 154–155, 157–170, 230
triage considerations, 341–342, 344–346
ventilatory support, 148, 158–159, 166–169
See alsospecific agent; Smokes
and chemical surety mission, 398–399, 402–408
and U.S. biological warfare program, 398–399, 432, 434
of nerve agents, 145, 149–155, 233–235
of mustard, 202, 208–211, 214–215, 238
of nerve agents, 144–147, 166–168, 170
Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological WarfareSee Pralidoxime chloride (2-PAM Cl)
p-Aminoheptanoylphenone (PAHP), 280–281
p-Aminooctanoylphenone (PAOP), 281
p-Aminopropiophenone (PAPP), 275, 280–281
viral encephalitides infection through, 571–572
Operation Cut Holes and Sink ‘Em (CHASE), 62–64
Operation Desert Shield, Operation Desert Storm
Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2), 253, 264
Partial pressure of oxygen (PO2), 252, 278
Passive hemagglutination assays (PHAs), 497
Patient decontamination, 329, 331–335, 340–341, 352, 386–387,
See Organophosphorus ester–induced delayed neurotoxic-
Patient-isolation procedures, 432–433, 497, 547, 598
See Protection Assessment Test System (PATS)
Organophosphorus compounds, 130, 132, 231, 233–234
See Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
See also Nerve agents; specific agentSee Portable Decontamination Apparatus (PDA)
Organophosphorus ester–induced delayed neurotoxicity
See Power-Driven Decontamination Apparatus (PDDA)
See Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP)
biological agent delivery via, 420–421, 442
See also Mission-oriented protective posture (MOPP) gear
dosage and administration, 163–164, 169
and pyridostigmine pretreatment, 184–187
biological warfare threat during, 2, 6, 72–74, 416, 421, 438,
See also 2-Pralidoxime chloride (2-PAM Cl); specific drug
Oxygen supplementation, 253, 255, 257, 266, 279
chemical warfare threat during, 2, 6, 72–74, 117, 130–131,
medical aftermath of, xvi, 73, 105, 190, 191, 195, 297pyridostigmine pretreatment use during, 185, 188–191
See Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PADPRP)
Personal decontamination, 157, 329–330, 352, 408
Personnel decontamination, 352, 386–387
for chemical surety inspection, 401–402
See Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB)
See Passive hemagglutination assays (PHAs)
history, 10, 16, 32–33, 37, 42, 75, 416–417, 431, 454, 462–463,
on U.S. military installations, 483–484
history, 5, 10, 27, 29–30, 36–38, 40, 248
weapons directed against, 44, 51–52, 60, 427–429, 431, 460–
World War I use, 16, 19, 21, 91–93, 95, 119
See also Defoliants; specific agent or plant
Plaque reduction neutralization (PRN) antibodies, 573
differential diagnosis, 200, 219–220, 638
Pneumonic plague, 454, 489, 491, 494, 497
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PADPRP), 203
Physical decontamination methods, 354, 358, 363–364, 370
See alsospecific agent diagnosis
for Chemical Personnel Reliability Program, 403–406
Portable Decontamination Apparatus (PDA), 62, 70, 388
as nerve agent pretreatment, 187, 191–192
Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), 253, 257, 259, 266
Positive-pressure total body suits, 432–434
Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare
Power-Driven Decontamination Apparatus (PDDA), 388
of wearing mission-oriented protective posture gear, 362,
2-Pralidoxime chloride (2-PAM Cl), 149, 162–165
dosage and administration, 163–165, 169
and endurance time in protective gear, 394
and nerve agent cardiovascular effects, 156
and nerve agent–induced seizures, 154–155
and pyridostigmine pretreatment, 184–187
biological warfare testing involving, 428–429
for Chemical Personnel Reliability Program, 403–404, 406
of mustard, 211–212, 215–217, 237–238
of nerve agents, 145, 147–149, 167–168, 170
See Plaque reduction neutralization (PRN) antibodies
of riot control agents, 311–312, 315–316, 321
of staphylococcal enterotoxin B, 624–627
of toxic inhalational injury, 253, 256, 258–259, 265–266, 343
Pulmonary toxicants, 118–119, 247–267
See also Inhalational injury; specific agent
Protection Assessment Test System (PATS), 365–366
See 2-Pralidoxime chloride (2-PAM Cl)
See 2-Pralidoxime chloride (2-PAM Cl)
dosage and administration, 187–188, 191
See also Chemical defense equipment; Masks; Mission-
oriented protective posture (MOPP) gear; specific item
and nerve agent cardiovascular effects, 156
and nerve agent–induced pulmonary effects, 158
and nerve agent–induced seizures, 154–155, 165
as nerve agent pretreatment, 134, 149, 154–156, 158, 165,
See 2-Pralidoxime chloride (2-PAM Cl)
See Methanesulfonate salt of pralidoxime (P2S)
See Staphylococcal enterotoxin B; specific toxin
Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR),
See Quick Doff Hood/Second Skin (QDH/SS)
See Richardson, Flory, and Kops (RFK) mask
Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) analysis, 504, 525
Richardson, Flory, and Kops (RFK) mask, 22
See BZ (3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate)
See BZ (3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate)
clinical manifestations and pathology, 635–637detection, 383
history, 10, 420–421, 446, 463–464, 632–633
See Erythrocyte cholinesterase (RBC-ChE)
RDIC (resuscitation device, individual, chemical), 159, 169
Receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME), 648–649
Remote sensing capability, 53–54, 74, 380–381, 447–448
Rift Valley fever (RVF), 434, 444, 593, 595–596, 599
Remote Sensing Chemical Agent Alarm (RSCAAL)
Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus, 593, 595, 599
Riot control agents, 118–119, 292, 307–322
depth and frequency of, and toxic inhalational injury, 250,
severe medical complications from, 317–318
Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological WarfareSee also Tear agents; specific agentSee Receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME)
Schäfer method of assisted ventilation, 159
Rocky Mountain Arsenal, Denver, Colorado, 460–461
that harbor plague, 480–482, 486–488, 498
that harbor viral hemorrhagic fevers, 592–594, 596
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 36, 43–44, 125, 426–427
See Simplified Collective Protective Equipment (SCPE)
for Chemical Personnel Reliability Program, 399–404
See Remote Sensing Chemical Agent Alarm (RSCAAL)
See Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel
biological warfare programs, 420, 422, 453, 455, 679
chemical warfare capability, 75, 115–116, 218, 679
See Staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA)
of surplus chemical agents, 45–46, 62–64
See Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB)
with biological agent–exposed patients, 433
See Staphylococcal enterotoxin D (SED)
See Staphylococcal enterotoxin E (SEE)
Self-decontamination, 157, 329–330, 352, 408
electroencephalographic (EEG) effects, 153, 236
history, 30, 36, 46, 49–50, 58–59, 63–64, 66, 103, 130–131
long-term health effects, 154, 232, 235–236
nations with capability for use, 114–115
Serratia marcescens, 32, 428–429
and pyridostigmine pretreatment, 184–186
recent use in Japan, 4, 75, 113, 118, 131, 169, 274, 342, 438,
long-term health effects, 153–154, 232, 235
nations with capability for use, 114, 116
Simplified Collective Protective Equipment (SCPE), 385–386
Skin decontamination, 157–158, 333, 335, 352–353, 356, 386–
See Standing operating procedures (SOPs)
trichothecene mycotoxin use, 419, 421, 609, 657–658
Small-box respirator (SBR), 18, 91, 93–94, 364, 393
Soviet Institute of Microbiology and Virology, 420
Soviet PKhR-RM Chemical Agent Detector Kit for Medical
chemoprophylaxis and chemotherapy, 552–553
biological warfare program, 4, 29, 55, 67–68, 418, 429, 452–
chemical warfare program, 47, 54–55, 67–68, 72, 104, 114–
See Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins (SPE)
See Streptococcal enterotoxin A (SPE-A)
See Streptococcal enterotoxin C (SPE-C)
See also Variola virus; Vaccinia vaccines
and cyanide poisoning, 273–274, 280, 282
SS John Harvey, 40, 103–104, 200
decontamination with, 353–354, 357–358, 388, 616, 669–670
Standing operating procedures (SOPs), 401, 407–408
Standoff detection, 53–54, 74, 380–381, 447–448
Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electro-
Staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA), 622–623
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), 621–628
differential diagnosis, 473, 613–614, 638
Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare
Staphylococcal enterotoxin C1 (SEC1), 622
Staphylococcal enterotoxin C2 (SEC2), 622
Staphylococcal enterotoxin C3 (SEC3), 622
Staphylococcal enterotoxin D (SED), 622–623
Staphylococcal enterotoxins, 5, 622–623
Staphylococcus aureus, 622–623, 626
and pyridostigmine pretreatment, 184–186
Tactical Biological Standoff Detection System, 448
See Toxicological agent protective (TAP) ensemble
for riot control agent exposure, 320–321
for toxic inhalational injury, 253, 257, 264, 266
history, 11, 13, 35–36, 56, 90, 104–105
See also Riot control agents; specific agent
Strategic Biological Standoff Detection System, 448
Streptococcal enterotoxin A (SPE-A), 622–623
and protective gear use, 125, 329–330, 367, 370–371, 394,
Streptococcal enterotoxin C (SPE-C), 622–623
TEMPER (tent, extendable, modular, personnel) system, 384
Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins (SPE), 622–623
See Tetraethyl pyrophosphate (TEPP)
and biological weapons, 117–118, 422, 438, 446–447, 461,
Tetracycline, 473, 497–498, 507, 531–532
Sulfur trioxide-chlorosulfonic acid (FS smoke), 262–263
Super tropical bleach (STB), 54, 388, 408
Sverdlovsk accident, 4, 68, 420, 452–453, 468
biological weapons programs, 456–458, 461, 678–679
See N,N’-Trimethylenebis-[pyridine-4-aldoxime bromide]
chemical warfare, 48, 55–56, 71–72, 94, 124
as biological agent vector, 504, 525, 528, 593–594, 596
See Thin-layer chromatography (TLC)
SeeN,N’-Trimethylenebis-[pyridine-4-aldoxime bromide]
chemical weapons, 4, 13, 72, 75, 104–105, 113, 115, 117, 411
See Triorthocresyl phosphate (TOCP)
Tooele demilitarization plant (Utah), 72, 411
Triage categories, 331, 334, 339–341, 344–347
Toxic Chemical Training for Medical Support Personnel
Toxicological agent protective (TAP) ensemble, 404
Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1), 622–623, 627–628
mechanisms of action, 608–611, 648–649
water purification methods effective against, 617–618
See also Biological agents; specific agent
use in Southeast Asia, 419, 421, 609, 657–660, 665–666, 668
Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare
Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, 498, 518, 531
N,N’-Trimethylenebis-[pyridine-4-aldoxime bromide]
biological warfare and defense programs, 425–435, 455,
See Chemical Warfare Service (CWS); Chemical Corps
chemical warfare policies, 29, 36, 44–45, 48, 56, 63, 72, 75,
See Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1)
See also Continental United States (CONUS)
United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM)
U.S. Army Chemical Research and Development Center,
U.S. Army Medical Department (AMEDD), 328, 428
U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense
U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases
(USAMRIID), 431–434, 596, 599, 616, 623, 651
See also U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious
U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Armed Services,
Special Inquiry Into the Chemical and Biological Threat,
U.S. Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs, 114
See U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical
See alsoFrancisella tularensisSee U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious
for animals, 434, 460, 464, 568, 576, 578
biological agent, 60–61, 73, 434, 441, 460, 462, 681–683
biological warfare programs, 32, 418–419, 427, 455, 645
See alsospecific agent or vaccine
chemical/biological weapons reports/inspections, 63, 104–
and Iraqi chemical weapons program, 69, 73–74, 114, 201,
Vaccinia-immune globulin (VIG), 550–552
United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM), 421, 463, 679
See Viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) syndrome
Vickers Medical Containment Stretcher Transit Isolator, 432
off-gassing from contaminated wounds, 356
adaptation of biological warfare during, 419
defoliant use during, 56, 62, 104–105, 297
riot control agent during, 56, 62, 104–105
See Vaccinia-immune globulin (VIG)
for bacterial agent dispersal, 33, 37, 50
alphavirus structure and replication, 569–570
See alsospecific vector or agentSee Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE)
See 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (VKA)
Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus, 5, 562–564
isolation and containment procedures, 598
nosocomial transmission, 592–593, 595–596
Trinidad donkey (TrD) strain, 571, 577–578
Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus complex, 564–566
Viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) syndrome, 592
See also Biological agents; specific agent
for nerve agent–exposed patients, 148, 158–159, 166–169
for toxic inhalational injury, 252–253, 257, 259, 266
See 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (VKA)
relation of cholinesterase activity to, 139
Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare
Western equine encephalitis (WEE) virus, 562–564
Western equine encephalitis (WEE) virus complex, 565–567
and blood cholinesterase activity, 138–139
Wet bulb globe thermometer (WBGT) index, 329–330, 407
Whole-body-protection equipment items, 375
nations with capability for use, 114–116
and pyridostigmine pretreatment, 184–186
heat categories and, 329–330, 371, 403, 405
World Health Organization, 419, 443, 456, 540, 542–543
World Trade Center bombing (New York), 446World War I, 5, 13–25, 90–97
Allied chemical warfare program, 13–16, 93–94
biological warfare programs, 16, 21–22, 90–97, 417, 446,
Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, D. C., 432,
chemical casualties, 6, 24, 91–92, 100–101, 200, 205
See Alarms; Detection; specific detector
War Research Service (WRS), 43, 426–427
gas casualty treatments, 23–24, 95–101
mustard use during, 16, 19–24, 95–101, 119, 198, 200–201,
protective devices, 15–18, 22, 91–94, 363–364, 393
riot control agent use during, 309–310, 320
decontamination with, 158, 353–354, 357–358, 388, 616,
toxic inhalational injury during, 248, 254–260, 343
and protective gear use, 370–371, 406–407
biological warfare programs, 36–37, 42–44, 103–104, 417–
419, 426–427, 446, 483–485, 540, 632, 644–645
Water supply contamination, 442, 446, 459
chemical warfare preparations, 37–40, 125, 131, 200, 290
demilitarization of captured weapons after, 45–46
protective devices, 37, 40–43, 103, 365, 394
See Wet bulb globe thermometer (WBGT) index
Weapons disposal programs, 45–46, 62–64, 72, 411–412, 431,
Wound decontamination, 352, 355–357, 387
and protective gear use, 125, 329–330, 367, 370–371, 394,
in casualties with combined injuries, 340, 347–348
outer-membrane proteins (Yops), 485–486, 491staining for, 495–496
virulence factors, 485–486See also Plague
Xenopsylla cheopis, 482–483, 486–487
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, 482, 485
Ypres, Belgium, 14–15, 90, 200, 248, 308
Yellow rain, 419, 421, 609, 656–660, 665–666, 668
Yeltsin, Boris, 4, 68, 420, 422, 453–455
Yersinia pestis, 75, 463, 482, 485–486, 491
DISTRICT LEGAL SERVICES AUTHORITY HOLD LOK ADALAT A Lok Adalat was held the day before at district headquarters Bomdila in an attempt to dispose-off the various cases; some dating back to 15 years and more. A total of 81 cases under Motor Accident Claim Tribunal (MACT) and Compoundable Criminal cases of the district
IES IN HET K Vrijen m/v* TeksT Yvette kUipeR Hij heeft erectiestoornissen. Zij kampt met pijn BeelD istockfoto bij het vrijen. Arts-seksuoloog Mintsje Tanis Nauta gaat in op drie seksuele thema’s die het meest bij diabetes voorkomen. Plus oplossingen. Voor hem en voor haar. Voor hem Erectiestoornissen de penis blijft. Vibrators kunnen ook voor Met stip op één