Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of salmonella isolated from poultry meat in hyderabad pakistan
J. Vet. Anim. Sci. (2012), Vol. 2: 40-46 Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Salmonella Serovars Isolated from Chicken
†Department of Animal Product Technologies, Department of Veterinary Medicine, ‡Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan ABSTRACT
The study was designed to investigate the prevalence and antibiotic resistance profile of Salmonella spp. in broiler chicken meat sold in the Karachi City-Pakistan. A total of 160 meat samples were randomly collected from different retail markets and examined for the presence of various species of salmonella. The prevalence rate recorded was 48.75%. Different species of salmonella detected were S. enteritidis, S. typhi, S. pullorum and S. typhimurium (48.71, 20.51, 20.51 and 10.25% respectively). All the isolates were resistant to ampicillin, streptomycin, cefotaxime, kanamycin, neomycin, nalidixic acid, tetracycline, bacitracin, erythromycin, novobiocin, and spectinomycin. However, the isolates showed sensitivity to ceftazidime, gentamicin, tobramycin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and chloramphenicol. In conclusion, the chicken meat may be a source of multiple antimicrobial-resistant salmonellafor human infections.
Key Words: Salmonella; prevalence; antimicrobial resistance; poultry meat INTRODUCTION
source of the pathogen in humans (Baeumler et al., 2000). This organism has been isolated
Poultry is one of the largest industries of
Pakistan that has increased at the rate of 20
country (Rumeu et al., 1997). The level of
to 25% per annum for last few decades and
contamination dramatically increases during
producing 19% (0.60 million tons) of the
the containment of the animals in holding
pens before slaughter (D’Aoust, 1994).
(Anonymous, 2008). The industry has been
Besides this, the increasing incidence of
facing devastating hazards; lack of disease
salmonellosis is due to a number of technical
practices (Kent et al., 1981). After slaughter,
Salmonellosis is a food borne disease of
the subsequent dressing of meat increases the
spread of salmonella on meat surfaces, and
developing countries. It is one of the major
by the time the meat is in retail outlets,
public health problems in terms of socio-
contamination levels may be increased by
economic impact (Gracia and Finlay, 1994).
practices have made salmonellosis a major
commercial distribution of both animals and
economic and public health problem in many
food products favor the spread of the disease.
Most salmonella infections in humans result
from the ingestion of contaminated poultry,
contamination and consequently act as major
beef, pork, eggs, and milk (Gomez et al.,
J. Vet. Anim. Sci. (2012), Vol. 2: 40-46
1997). When infection spreads beyond the
intestinal tract, appropriate antimicrobial
identification based on their morphological
therapy can be lifesaving (Hohmann, 2001;
characteristics and various biochemical tests
that included catalase, oxidase, motility, triple sugar iron agar (TSI), indole, methyl
Use of antimicrobials in any environment
red, Voges-Proskauer and citrate utilization
creates selection pressures that favor the
test. The colonies identified on the basis of
survival of antibiotic-resistant pathogens.
The routine practice of giving antimicrobials
serological tests using polyvalent serum
to domestic livestock for growth promotion
against O and H salmonella antigens (Difco,
and prophylaxis is an important factor in the
emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in
agglutinated during the period of one to two
the food chain (Tollefson et al., 1997; Witte,
salmonella, and were preserved in Nutrient
salmonella infections are acquired by eating
agar at 4°C. Suspected colonies (maximum
contaminated foods of animal origin (Angulo
five) were randomly selected from each plate
et al., 2000; Fey et al., 2000). The present
and confirmed by further biochemical tests
study planned to estimate the prevalence of
including fermentation of glucose, lactose
Salmonella serotypes in broiler meat and
and sucrose, hydrogen sulfide production,
evaluate resistance profile of these isolates
urease activity, phenylalanine deamination,
MATERIALS AND METHODS Antimicrobial Sensitivity Test Sample Collection
The isolates were subjected to sensitivity tests as described earlier (Bauer et al., 1996).
Each isolate was inoculated in brain heart
randomly collected from different fresh meat
markets of the City Karachi. Forty samples
incubated for 24 hours at 37ºC. The broth
from each of four localities designated as
were streaked using sterile cotton swabs on
groups A, B, C and D were collected. The
Mueller-Hinton agar plates. The diffusion
samples were analyzed for the presence of
discs with antimicrobial drugs were placed
on the plates and incubated for 24 hours at
Isolation and Identification of Salmonella
Basingstoke, UK) used were: ampicillin (10 µg), cefotaxime (30 µg), ceftazidime (30
µg), streptomycin (10 µg), gentamicin (10
µg), kanamycin (30 µg), tobramycin (10 µg),
peptone water (Oxoid, Basingstoke, UK) as a
neomycin (30 µg), nalidixic acid (30 µg),
pre-enrichment media and incubated at 37°C
ciprofloxacin (5 µg), ofloxacin (5 µg),
for 18 hours. Aliquots from pre-enrichment
chloramphenicol (30 µg), tetracycline (30
were inoculated into selective enrichment
µg), bacitracin (10 µg), erythromycin (10
liquid media at a ratio of 1:10 in Selenite-
µg), novobiocin (30 µg) and spectinomycin
Cysteine broth. A loop full of broth was
streaked on plates of Brilliant Green agar, MacConkey agar, and Salmonella-Shigella
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
agar (Oxoid, Basingstoke, UK). The plates were incubated at 37 ºC for 24 hours.
Suspected colonies of salmonella from each
J. Vet. Anim. Sci. (2012), Vol. 2: 40-46
salmonella (Table 1). Out of the positive
The high prevalence (48.71%) of S.
samples, S. enteritidis was found in 38
enteritidis observed in this study is
(48.71%), S. typhi in 16 (20.51%), S.
comparable to the situation described in most
pullorum in 16 (20.51%) and S. typhimurium
countries in recent years (Bailey et al.,
in 8 (10.25%)samples. The distribution of
2002). It appears that the presence of this
various species of salmonella in all four
serovar in the intestinal tract of broilers can
contaminate carcasses during slaughter and processing. The presence of S. typhi and S.
Poultry are the most important reservoir for
typhimurium in poultry is of considerable
salmonella, with prevalence in chicken
importance from the standpoint of public
health. S. pullorum indicated the higher level
of fecal contamination in the present study,
prevalence of salmonellain chicken meat
as earlier reported by Orji et al. (2005).
may be a result of cross-contamination from intestines during processing and cutting or
protein and a valuable commodity for the
retailing or marketing. The contamination
rates observed in our results are not in
Pakistan. The study revealed that most shops
countries, 23-34% in Belgium (Uyttendaele
environment. The processing of carcass as
per consumers demand further increases the
(Plummer et al., 1995), 26% in Ireland
chances of contamination. The water used
(Duffy et al., 1999) and 36% in Malaysia
for washing of carcasses is mostly from the
(Rusul et al., 1996). However, Beli et al.
same container and it could be contaminated
(2001) reported the low prevalence (8 %) of
with salmonellafrom feces or from the
salmonella in poultry products in Albania.
butcher’s hands during washing. For the
The difference in the prevalence rates may
studies, several factors may be considered, Table 1 Species-wise prevalence of Salmonella serovars isolated from broiler meat J. Vet. Anim. Sci. (2012), Vol. 2: 40-46
such as differences in origin, time period,
to eleven (Table 3). All isolates showed
contamination level of animals, slaughter
house sanitation, cross-contamination of the
Table 2 Total number of Salmonella
products, and differences in methodology
applied for detection of pathogen (Bryan and
The different salmonella serotypes and their
shown in Tables 1 and 2. Majority of the
salmonella serotypes isolated from all the
human. A total of 17 antibiotic sensitivity
discs were used. Out of these salmonella
was sensitive to six antibiotics and resistant
Table 3 Antibiotic resistance profile of Salmonella serovars isolated from broiler meat S.enteritidisS. typhiS. pullorumS. typhimurium
nalidixic acid, tetracycline, bacitracin,
Alambedji et al., 2006; Antunes et al., 2003;
erythromycin and novobiocin. On the other
Santos et al., 2003). Tetracycline has been
tetracycline could be expected since the
members of this class (chlortetracycline and
observed in all the isolated serotype which is
oxytetracycline) have been routinely used as
in agreement with the findings of Suresh et
al. (2006). The resistance to tetracycline was
Ricke, 2003). Resistance to streptomycin
also observed in 89.7% of the isolates that is
J. Vet. Anim. Sci. (2012), Vol. 2: 40-46
conformity with the findings of Cardoso et
spread of salmonellaat various levels of
al. (2006). This elevated resistance may be
production is needed on a long term basis.
explained by the possible diffusion of the tet (A) resistance gene, as observed in Italy by
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