Sommario21x27.qxd
3 ALLEGRA_6:rivista21x27.qxd 29/07/11 09:38 Pagina 69
Analisi emergetica per lariqualificazioneterritoriale:
il caso studio della Provincia di Catania
parole chiave: entropia, valutazione, emergia, territorio
La questione dell’inarrestabile incremento dell’entropia
A partire dagli anni Ottanta si sviluppa l’analisi emerge-
totale, enunciato dal secondo principio della termodi-
tica per iniziativa dell’ecologo Howard Odum. Essa quan-
namica, e del depauperamento delle fonti non rinnova-
tifica le risorse naturali rinnovabili e non, che sono con-
bili di energia, ineluttabile conseguenza di ogni proces-
sumate per realizzare merci e servizi, adottando un’uni-
so di trasformazione urbana, nonché di qualsiasi attività
ca, comprensibile unità di misura: l’energia solare, pri-
economica, è un tema di acceso dibattito sin dalla “crisi
migenia generatrice di ogni attività ecosistemica, impie-
energetica” degli anni Settanta. Essa ha posto in eviden-
gata, in modo diretto e indiretto, per creare tali risorse.
za la necessità di ricorrere a strumenti valutativi basati
Nel presente saggio, dopo una sintetica esposizione dei
sul calcolo energetico prima che monetario, in grado di
principi e delle regole fondamentali di questa metodo-
interpretare esaustivamente le istanze ambientali ed eco-
logia applicata al territorio, si illustrerà il caso studio del-
1. INTRODUZIONE
dalla dottrina marxiana viene sostanzialmente eluso dallascuola neoclassica: se Quesnay3 rappresenta l’ideale siste-
Nel 1972 lo studioso americano Commoner1 denuncia l’al-
ma produttivo del regno francese con un circuito chiuso il
terazione degli equilibri ecologici, basati sui trasferimenti
cui surplus coincide con i doni offerti generosamente dal-
ciclici delle sostanze nutritive negli ecosistemi terrestri, a
la terra, sollecitata dal lavoro umano, e Marx ritiene la natu-
causa dell’attuale sistema economico. Egli evidenzia l’ele-
ra “fonte dei valori d’uso”4, il pensiero marginalista, nella sua
vata efficienza dei processi naturali nella biosfera, la quale
formulazione più ortodossa, ricerca la massimizzazione del
è caratterizzata da un ricambio continuo, in contrapposi-
piacere individuale nel consumo di un’opportuna combi-
zione alla creazione antropica, unidirezionale, di merci e
nazione di beni “scarsi” in contrapposizione alle risorse
rifiuti a mezzo natura che gonfia la “tecnosfera”, definita
naturali gratuite perché “abbondanti”5. Da ciò si deduce
da Nebbia (2002)2 come “pezzo di pianeta occupato dalle
che l’applicazione dei criteri di valutazione monetaria dei
beni ambientali, elaborati nel quadro di impostazione neo-
Dall’excursus storico delle teorie economiche si evince che
classica, comprensibile se finalizzata a determinare gli
il ruolo primario assegnato alla natura dalla fisiocrazia e
indennizzi da corrispondere ai singoli o alla collettività a
4 Georgescu Roegen N. (1982), p. 31.
3 ALLEGRA_6:rivista21x27.qxd 29/07/11 09:38 Pagina 82
Tabella 4 - Analisi emergetica delle opere di urbanizzazione primaria nel piano di Zona di Librino
STRADE E PARCHEGGI
Strade (lunghezza: 17.200 ml;
Parcheggi (quantità: 2,5 mq/ab)
Canalette
Marciapiedi
Pozzetti pali illuminazione
RETE FOGNARIA
Acque bianche
Acque nere
RETE IDRICA
Acquedotto
Pozzetti di ispezione
Caditoia
Totale emergia
Emergia per abitante (68.184 ab.)
R Bijorklund J., Geber U., Rydberg T. (2000), Emergy analysis of municipal wastewater treatment and generation of electricity by digestion of sewage
sludge, in “Resources, conservation amd recycling” vol. 31 n. 4, pp. 293-316.
S Pulselli R. M., Simoncini E., Pulselli F., Bastianoni S. (2007), Emergy analysis of building manufacturing, maintenance and use: Em-building indice
to evaluate housing sustainability, in “Energy and buildings” n. 39, pp. 620-628.
EMERGY ANALYSIS FOR REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT.
system, which is characterised by a one-way production
THE PROVINCE OF CATANIA CASE-STUDY
In the 1970s the American biologist, Commoner,
It can be inferred from a historical overview of economic
reported a change in the earth’s ecological balance, due
theories that the primary role assigned to nature by
to cyclical movements of nutritional substances in the
Physiocracy and Marxist doctrine is basically ignored by
earth’s ecosystems, resulting from the current economic
the Neoclassical school which, in its most orthodox
3 ALLEGRA_6:rivista21x27.qxd 29/07/11 09:38 Pagina 83
Analisi emergetica per la riqualificazione territoriale: il caso studio della Provincia di Catania
form, looks to the consumption of a suitable
energy, which is a more diluted source, to make a joule
combination of ‘scanty’ goods, rather than ‘abundant’,
of electrical energy. Therefore, H. Odum suggested
free natural resources, to maximise individual pleasure.
referring them to just one single measurement unit,
From this it can be deduced that the application of
solar energy, which is at the basis of every activity in the
ecosystems. ‘Solar emergy’ (from energy memory), or
understandable if used to determine compensation
more concisely emergy, represents solar energy that has
to individuals or the community for damage suffered,
fuelled the chain of operations performed by nature
for example by pollution, but risks revealing ‘all the
and man to create a particular service or article, and is
artificiality of simulated markets’, becoming a ‘useless
therefore incorporated into economic processes as well
complication’ (Bresso, 1996), if used to evaluate
as natural ones. Its unit of measurement is the solar
emergy joule (sej). To translate any one type of energy
In the sector of scientific estimation, it has been
into solar energy a conversion factor is used, ‘solar
ascertained that when plans and projects with potential
transformity’, or simply transformity. For any given
environmental impact must be chosen, it is necessary
product this is the emergy necessary to achieve it as
to develop suitable decisional support methods, in
regards its energy (J) or mass (g) content; so its
order to overcome single-criteria monetary analyses,
measurement unit is the sej/J o sej/g. Transformity is a
such as Cost-benefit analysis, which are often judged to
measurement of the efficiency (or sustainability) and
be biased, but also to prevent multi-criteria analysis
quality of systems: when results are equal it is inferior
from seeming, or being, ‘soulless’, a kind of manic,
in less dissipative systems, due to the maximum power
analytical calculation for its own sake (Rizzo, 2000).
principle. In general, when outputs are different the onewith a greater transformity has a superior hierarchical
As regards EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment) and
level because more natural capital and time were
ESA (Strategic Environmental Assessment) tools, the
state of the art reports and environmental impactstudies, that have so far been prepared, underline some
In the Eighties, H. Odum created a method which he
critical points: in particular, it has been ascertained that
called ‘Emergy analysis’ which is based on calculating in
at the expense of the quantitative, a multitude of
emergetic terms the natural resources, renewable or not,
prevalently qualitative, ‘free’ indicators are used, that
used to obtain goods and services. In the urban and
investigate single arguments without capturing the
territorial planning spheres, typical problems, such as
complexity of the phenomena, which therefore makes it
the search for the optimal demographic size of a city
difficult for the layman to understand.
and the rational spatial allocation of its functions, arenow approached by looking for the most efficient
If ecology can be said literally to study ‘life in the home’
emergetic configuration as far as the transformation
and economy to ‘manage the place where one lives’ it
hierarchy is concerned. Huang (Dept. of Urban and
follows that there is an affinity between the two
Regional Planning, University of Taipei, Taiwan) has
disciplines (Odum E., 1988); furthermore, given that the
developed this theme in great detail, applying it to the
dominion of the phenomena examined by the former
capital city, Taipei, which over the last twenty years has
is larger than that of the latter, environmental impact
grown at an extremely fast rate. Emergetic analysis
should be evaluated first in energetic terms, then in
evaluates the environmental sustainability of a territory
monetary terms, as thermodynamics can be considered
over an established time period, usually one year. It is
‘a physics of economic value’ (Georgescu Roegen, 1982).
put into practice by calculating the emergetic quantities
Therefore, rules and investigation methods can be
consumed and interpreting the results with the aid of
acquired from the ecological sciences. In the same way
suitable indicators. It is divided into five basic phases,
as studies on ecosystems (autonomous functional units,
created by applying the rules of graphic representation
each formed by a community and its physical
(Fig. 1) and calculation (emergetic algebra), taken from
environment), territorial analyses are developed
the language of consolidated scientific disciplines like
(anthropogenic ecosystems) to verify the sustainability
ecology and systems organisation theory (Lokta, 1922;
of the transformations that take place there (Amata,
von Bertalanffy, 1968; Odum H. and E., 1983). The initial
phase consists in identifying a ‘territory as a unit of
Past attempts at physically measuring the inputs and
production’ (Amata, 1982), the borders of which do not
outputs of economic transformations came up against
necessarily coincide with the administrative ones, but
numerous obstacles among which the impossibility of
which are defined on the basis of physical-chemical,
totalling heterogeneous sizes. It was then proposed to
biological and economic-social processes, or by
quantify them in exclusively energetic terms. But ‘a joule
geological or pedological uniqueness, or by the aim of
of solar energy, a joule of carbon and a joule of electrical
the project. The next step is to set up a statistical
energy even if they represent the same quantity of
information system which regards the physical and
energy, have different qualities’, or rather, it takes more
socio-economical aspects in the established time
joules of fuel (equipment) and even more joules of solar
interval, by means of which it is possible to quantify the
3 ALLEGRA_6:rivista21x27.qxd 29/07/11 09:38 Pagina 84
resources used with the respective measurement units.
resulting in the present dislocated residential situation.
Initially these resources are classified as renewable or
The first results regarding emergy analysis can be seen
not, according to whether the time it takes to make
in Table 2. Despite the plentiful supply of renewable
them is less than consumption time or not, in the latter
resources in the territory, especially in the metropolitan
case leading to an erosion of natural capital. They are
and foothills areas, which are due to the high solar
then further divided into local products or products
radiation, the rainfall that accumulates in underground
imported from/exported outside. A graphic model of
reservoirs thanks to the porosity of the volcanic soil, the
the relationships between the system components and
tidal and wave energy along the coast and the terrestrial
the input/output flows of material and energy (third
flow of heat which is particularly high on Etna, the
phase), elaborated using appropriate symbols, favours
emergy used in the province of Catania, as far as
an overall vision of life in the territory (Fig. 2). The next
renewable sources are concerned, is only 2% of the
step consists in translating the factors used into
total. Instead, 59% of the total emergy used derives from
emergetic terms, multiplying them by the respective
local non-renewable sources, among which the
transformity available in literature or resulting from ad
remarkable contribution made by lava and basalt,
hoc analyses. Finally, from the results, it is possible to
greatly used in the building industry, determined both
extract a series of environmental performance indicators
by the great quantity extracted and by the consistent
relating to the emergy density (sej/km2) of the territory,
value of the transformity (7.56x109 sej/g), a sign of their
to specific consumption per inhabitant (sej/ab), to the
long geological formation time. The 39% of the total
ratio between non-renewable and renewable emergy
emergy used comes from outside (17,737x1018 sej) and
used (environmental loading ratio) and between
is subdivided between con-sumption of energy reserves
imported and local emergy (emergy investment ratio).
(electricity and vehicle fuels) and consumer goods. The
Moreover, the ratio between the total emergy used and
gap between exports and imports (about 30%), typical
the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) measures the
of a southern economic situation in which 70% of local
amount of emergy that was necessary to create one euro
workers are employed in commerce and only 18% in
of monetary wealth. A high index can indicate
manufacturing, can be seen in the statistics of both the
inefficient production, with a waste of resources, but it
physical quantities exchanged and the corresponding
is also typical of countries supplying raw materials,
emergetic values. The emergy density (around 13x1018
usually sold at a price that does not take into account
sej/km2 on average) illustrates an uneven distribution
among the three districts, with the highest values
It was agreed to divide the province of Catania into
appearing in the metropolitan area (35x1018 sej/km2),
three sub-systems, each having different characteristics:
where a reduced territorial area corresponds to a greater
the greater part of the foothills area, the metropolitan
concentration of local resources, (the sea and the lava
area (with part of the foothills) and the Caltagirone area.
stone quarries), and residential districts. Moreover, the
The whole province covers a surface area of about 3,552
policy-making and ruling authorities of the whole
km2 and is made up of 58 communes with a total of
province are concentrated in the city of Catania. The
1,075,657 inhabitants (Fig. 3). A combination of particular
environmental loading ratio, or degree of sustainability,
geological, biological and landscape conditions has
indicates that for each renewable emergetic unit, 49
given this territory a very variegated environmental
non-renewable units are consumed: a situation which
framework, characterised mainly by its volcano, Etna,
in the medium to long-term can only become alarming
and the Ionian Sea coast which ranges from gravel in the
as regards its territorial load. From the emergy
foothills area, the most northerly of the three sub-
investment ratio (equal to 0.6) it can be deduced that for
systems, to rocky and then sandy in the metropolitan
each local emergetic unit, only 0.6 is imported. However,
area to the south. The metropolitan area (A.M.) (Fig. 5)
this does not mean that the province is productively
consisting of 27 communes, with 748,153 residents on a
autonomous, rather, it means that local minerals are
surface area of 952 km2, has the highest residential
wasted. In particular, the figure close to zero (0.3)
density in the province: over 78,000 inhab/km2. The
relating to the foothills area, can be interpreted by
administrative and economic heart of the entire
observing that works aimed at completing the food
province, it features a complex conurbation settlement
chain with the conservation and transformation of
system, caused by the wildfire spread of the urban
typical products could be profitable, because it is based
perimeter that took place at the beginning of the
on a valorisation of abundant local resources. From a
Seventies, when both neighbouring communes and
comparison made with the analyses carried out by other
surrounding countryside were absorbed. This was due
authors in four different Italian regions, Bologna,
to the city’s population moving initially towards the
Cagliari, Pescara and Siena (Tab. 3), it can be seen that
immediate hinterland to satisfy the immediate need for
the indexes for Catania are lower than the average. In
housing, then, once this area had reached saturation
particular, a comparison between the resources
point, towards more distant towns also in order to buy
consumed and monetary wealth produced (GDP),
second or third seaside or mountain holiday homes,
expressed in 2006 prices, resulted in a value of 259 sej/€
3 ALLEGRA_6:rivista21x27.qxd 29/07/11 09:38 Pagina 85
Analisi emergetica per la riqualificazione territoriale: il caso studio della Provincia di Catania
for Catania, little more than the average calculated in
urbanisation works and housing, obtained by multiplying
the other four cases. Given that in the 2001-2006 period
the 7,070,000 m3 of building land, specified by the
Catania emerged as one of the poorest Italian provinces
planners, by the unit cost of 1.07x1015 sej/m3, which
as regards per capita income, this result is symptomatic
regards the creation of a reinforced concrete building for
of an inefficient emergetic structure.
civic use (Pulselli et al., 2007) (Table 4). In the case of San
To improve the performance of the indicators in the
Cristoforo South, emergy consumption is clearly less,
province of Catania some proposed measures are: a)
given that soil erosion does not have to be taken into
besides monitoring the quarries, the environmental
consideration because the soil has already been
restoration of the disused ones and reuse of the minerals;
waterproofed and the road infrastructure and distribution
b) an increase in energy production from alternative
networks have almost all been developed, while the
energy sources; c) the rehabilitation and densification of
building volume is limited to new residential buildings
degraded areas in the city, particularly in the metropolitan
and the integration of secondary urbanisation works. It
area, to combat a further extension of the town
would, therefore, be desirable to extend the
boundaries and the surrounding communes, to reduce
redevelopment works planned for San Cristoforo South
the loss of agricultural land and countryside and the use
to the so-called ‘historical’ degraded, marginal areas of
of building materials. As regards the latter, this essay has
the city, demolishing and removing the numerous
developed an ex ante comparison of the costs of
crumbling dwellings of little historical-architectural value
urbanisation, expressed in emergetic terms, for two
and using these areas for residential buildings that suit
important types of settlement in the city of Catania: the
the context, so as to satisfy, at least in part, the need for
plans for cheap housing in Librino drawn up in the
housing and limit the waste of natural resources.
Seventies but still not complete (Fig. 7), and the recently-
However, a recent revision of the town plans for the
launched redevelopment of part of the historical
communes on Etna included further urban expansion, in
extra-moenia quarter of San Cristoforo South (Fig. 8). The
the name of a supposedly unstoppable demographic
following have been calculated as regards Librino: a) the
growth, which was estimated without the preliminary
loss of emergy caused by soil erosion on what was once
creation of any planning tools for the metropolitan area,
arable and grazing land; b) the costs of primary
and ignoring any opportunity to restore consolidated
urbanisation works, limiting the investigation to a
calculation of the materials used (the factor mostaffecting emergetic analysis); c) the costs of secondary
Key words: entropy, evaluation, emergy, region
*
Laureata con lode in Ingegneria Edile nel 2000 presso la Facoltà di Ingegneria dell’Università di Catania, ha conseguito il diplomadi master in “Procedure di valutazione di impatto ambientale” presso la Scuola Superiore dell’Università di Catania nel 2001. Nomi-nata cultore della materia in “Economia e organizzazione aziendale” ed “Economia e cultura d’impresa” nel 2001, ha svolto attivitàdi tutoraggio e assistenza alla didattica per codesti insegnamenti dal 2001 al 2003 e nel 2010 presso la Facoltà di Ingegneria (Univer-sità di Catania). È stata assegnista di ricerca dal 2004 al 2008 nel settore scientifico disciplinare ICAR/22 (Estimo) e professore a con-tratto di “Economia applicata all’ingegneria ed estimo civile” negli A.A. 2006-07, 2007-08, 2008-09 presso il Dipartimento di Inge-gneria Civile e Ambientale della Facoltà di Ingegneria (Università di Catania).
Bibliografia
AMATA G.,
La questione energetica e metodologie di valu-tazione, in “Valori e valutazioni” n. 2, pp. 93-109, 2009.
ALLEGRA T. S., “Il giudizio di valore tra riuso urbano ed espan-
sione illimitata della città di Catania”, in Amata G. (a cura
RESSO M.,
Per un’economia ecologica, La Nuova Italia Scien-
di),
Spazio urbano e spazio rurale nell’area metropolitanacatanese, C.u.e.c.m., Catania, pp. 91-130, 2008.
COMMONER B.,
Il cerchio da chiudere, Garzanti, Milano, 1972.
DATO G.,
Pianificazione urbanistica nell’area etnea. Il caso di
MATA G. (a cura di),
Il calcolo economico nel territorio,
Aci Catena, in “Urbanistica” n. 108, pp. 116-121, 1997.
FATTINNANZI E.,
La qualità nell’housing sociale. Il suo ruolo
AMATA G., NOTARRIGO S.,
Energia e Ambiente. Una ridefini-
nello sviluppo urbano e nel mercato delle abitazioni, in
zione della teoria economica, C.u.e.c.m., Catania, 1987.
“LaborEst” n. 4, pp. 21-35, 2009.
AMATA G. (a cura di),
Lo sviluppo perverso, C.u.e.c.m., Cata-
FERLAINO F., (a cura di),
La sostenibilità ambientale del terri-
AMATA G.,
Per la riappropriazione e l’approfondimento del-
FORTE C.,
I costi di urbanizzazione, Giuffrè editore, Milano,
l’economia politica, C.u.e.c.m., Catania, 2007.
3 ALLEGRA_6:rivista21x27.qxd 29/07/11 09:38 Pagina 86
FORTE F. (a cura di),
Progettazione urbanistica e territoriale
PULSELLI R., RUSTICI M., MARCHETTINI N.,
An integrated Frame-
attraverso l’analisi della soglia, Franco Angeli Editore, Mila-
work for Regional Studies: EMergy Based Spatial Analysis
of the Province of Cagliari, in “Environmental Monitoring
FRANCESCHETTI G., PAGAN M.,
Indicatori di sostenibilità delle
and Assessment” No. 133, pp. 1-13, 2007.
trasformazioni territoriali nella VAS, in “Estimo e Territorio”
PULSELLI R.M., SIMONCINI E., PULSELLI F.M. E BASTIANONI S.,
Emer-
gy analysis of building manufacturing, maintenance and
GEORGESCU ROEGEN N.,
Energia e miti economici, Boringhie-
use: Em-building indice to evaluate housing sustainability,
in “Energy and buildings” No. 39, pp. 620-628, 2007b.
GIANNANTONI C.,
Il principio della massima potenza emer-
QUESNAY F.,
Tableau economique, C.u.e.c.m., Catania, 1758-
getica come base per una termodinamica della qualità,
Ordine degli Ingegneri di Pescara, Sigraf, 2006.
RIZZO F.,
Il territorio come organizzazione autopoietica,
LOKTA A.J.,
Contribution to the energetics of evolution. Nat-ural selection as a physical principle, in “Proceedings of
struttura dissipativa e sistema politico-amministrativo: una
the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
scienza del valore e delle valutazioni, in Macciocco G., Mar-
chi G.,
Dimensione ecologica e sviluppo locale: problemi divalutazione, FrancoAngeli, Milano, pp. 31-64, 2000.
MARTINEZ ALIER J.,
Ecologia dei poveri, Jaca Book, Perugia, 2009.
M
SANFILIPPO E.D. (a cura di),,
Catania, città metropolitana, Mai-
ARX K.,
Il capitale, libro I, Newton, Roma, 1996.
NEBBIA G.,
Le merci e i valori. Per una critica ecologica alcapitalismo, Jaca Book, Milano, 2002.
SCHILLECI F.,
Il contesto normativo in Sicilia. Una difficile pia-
nificazione tra ritardi e resistenze, in Savino M. (a cura di),
DUM, H.T., ODUM E.C.,
Energy Analysis Overview of Nations
Working Paper, Laxenburg, Austria: International Institute
Pianificazione alla prova nel Mezzogiorno, FrancoAngeli,
ODUM E.P.,
Basi di ecologia, Piccin, Padova, 1988.
STANGHELLINI S.,
I costi di riurbanizzazione, FrancoAngeli,
DUM H.,
Environmental Accounting. Emergy and Environ-
mental Decision Making, John Wiley and Sons, NY, 1996.
TIEZZI E., MARCHETTINI N.,
Che cos’è lo sviluppo sostenibile?,
ODUM H.,
Handbook of EMergy Evaluation. Folio #1. EMer-
gy of global processes, Center for Environmental Policy,
TIEZZI E. (a cura di),
Analisi eMergetica della Provincia, Pro-
vincia di Bologna Settore Ambiente, 2002.
ODUM H.,
Environment, Power, and society for the Twenty-
TIEZZI E. (a cura di),,
Analisi di sostenibilità per la Provincia di
First Century, Columbia University Press, NY, 2007.
Pescara, Provincia di Pescara Assessorato all’Ecologia, 2007.
OMBUEN S.,
Governo del territorio e pianificazione locale,
ULGIATI S., ODUM H., BASTIANONI S.,
EMergy Analysis, Envi-
in AA.VV., Rapporto dal territorio 2005, Uni Edizioni, Roma,
ronmental Loading and Sustainability. An EMergy Analysis
of Italy, in “Ecological Modelling” No. 73, pp. 215-268, 1994.
PILERI P.,
Compensazione ecologica preventiva, Carocci,Roma, 2007.
VON BERTALANFFY L.,
Teoria generale dei sistemi. Fondamen-ti, sviluppo, applicazioni, ILI, Milano, 1971.
PULSELLI R., PULSELLI F., RUSTICI M.,
Emergy accounting of theProvince of Siena: towards a thermodynamic geography for
ZIZZO N., AMATA G.,
Rilievi economici e sociali sull’area geo-
regional studies, in “Journal of Environmental Manage-
grafica del nord-est etneo, Seminario economico dell’Uni-
Source: http://www.e-stimo.it/Data/Files/HtmlEditor_Files/file/SIEV/6_2011/6_Allegra_sampler.pdf
Katedra Chorób Metabolicznych Collegium Medicum Uniwersytetu JagielloñskiegoKierownik: Prof. dr hab. med. Jacek SieradzkiMetformina jest skutecznym lekiem przeciwcukrzycowym, zmniejszaj¹cymopornoæ na insulinê. Wed³ug uzgodnionego algorytmu leczenia cukrzycy typu 2stanowi lek pierwszego rzutu do rozpoczêcia leczenia. Wywiera korzystny wp³ywnie tylko na gospodarkê wêglowodanow¹, al
Matt Henry Exodus 6:1-13;7:1-13 24 Feb 2013 Well, we’re on our way in this Lenten series from Exodus. We’re focusing on Exodus 6 and 7 today and the second petition of the Lord’s Prayer, “thy kingdom come.” God is establishing a kingdom and a people in Exodus. That’s the big picture. Exodus is a story of God revealing Himself and taking to Himself a nation to call His own. Israel